Here we provide RD Sharma Class 12 Ex 31.4 Solutions Chapter 31 Probability for English medium students, Which will very helpful for every student in their exams. Students can download the latest RD Sharma Class 12 Ex 31.4 Solutions Chapter 31 Probability book pdf download. Now you will get step-by-step solutions to each question.
| Textbook | NCERT |
| Class | Class 12th |
| Subject | Maths |
| Chapter | 31 |
| Exercise | 31.4 |
| Category | RD Sharma Solutions |
RD Sharma Class 12 Ex 31.4 Solutions Chapter 31 Probability
Question 1(i). A coin is tossed thrice and all the eight outcomes are equally likely. State whether events A and B are independent if, A = The first throw result in head, B = The last throw result in tail
Solution:
According to question:
A coin is tossed thrice
So, Sample Space = {HTT, HHT, HTH, HHH, THT, THH, TTH, TTT}
Now,
A = The first throw result in head
A = {HHT, HTH, HHH, HTT}
Now, B = The last throw result in tail
B = {HHT, HTT, THT, TTT}
A ∩ B = {HHT, HTT}
P(A) = 4 / 8 = 1/2
Similarly,
P(B) = 1/2
Now,
P(A ∩ B) = 2/ 8 = 1/ 4
P(A), P(B) = 1/ 2, 1/ 2
P(A) × P(B) = 1/4
As we know that P(A ∩ B) = P(A)×P(B)
So, A and B are independent events.
Question 1(ii). A coin is tossed thrice and all eight outcomes are equally likely. State whether events A and B are independent if, A = The number of head is odd, B = The number of tails is odd
Solution:
According to question:
A coin is tossed thrice
So, Sample Space = {HTT, HHT, HTH, HHH, THT, THH, TTH, TTT}
A = the number of head is odd, B = the number of tails is odd
So, A = {HTT, THT, TTH, HHH}
B = {THH, HTH, HHT, TTT}
Here, A ∩ B = {} = ∅
P(A) = 4/8 = 1/2
P(B) = 4/8 = 1/2
And, P(A ∩ B) = 0/8 = 0
Now, P(A) × P(B) = 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4
So, we can see that
P(A) × P(B) ≠ P(A ∩ B)
Hence, A and B are not independent events.
Question 1(iii). A coin is tossed thrice and all eight outcomes are equally likely. State whether events A and B are independent if, A = The number of head two, B = The last throw results in head
Solution:
According to question:
A coin is tossed thrice
So, Sample Space = {HTT, HHT, HTH, HHH, THT, THH, TTH, TTT}
Now,
A = The number of head two
A = {HHT, HTH, THH}
Now, B = The last throw results in head
B = {HHH, HTH, THH, TTH}
A ∩ B = {THH, HTH}
P(A) = 3/8
P(B) = 4/8 = 1/2
And, P(A ∩ B) = 2/8 = 1/4
Now, P(A) × P(B) = 3/8 ×1/2 = 3/16
So, P(A) × P(B) ≠ P(A ∩ B)
Hence, A and B are not independent events.
Question 2. Prove that in throwing a pair of dice, the occurrence of the number 4 on the first die is independent of the occurrence of 5 on the second die.
Solution:
According to question:
A pair of dice are thrown. So, it has 36 elements in its sample space.
A = Occurrence of number 4 on the first die.
P(A) = {(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6)}
B = Occurrence of 5 on the second die.
P(B) = {(1, 5), (2, 5), (3, 5), (4, 5), (5, 5), (6, 5)}
A ∩ B = {(4, 5)}
Now, P(A) = 6/36 = 1/6, P(B) = 6/36 = 1/6 and P(A ∩ B) = 1/36
P(A) × P(B) = 1/6 × 1/6 = 1/36, which is equal to P(A ∩ B).
Hence, A and B are independent events.
Question 3(i). A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards so that each card is equally likely to be selected. State whether events A and B are independent if,
A = The card is drawn is a king or queen.
B = The card drawn is a queen or a jack.
Solution:
According to question:
A card is drawn form 52 cards. We know that it has 4 Kings, 4 Queen, 4 Jack.
Now, A = The card drawn is a king or queen.
So, P(A) = (4 + 4)/52 = 8/52 = 2/13
B = The card drawn is a queen or a jack.
So, P(B) = (4 + 4)/52 = 8/52 = 2/13
Now, A ∩ B = The drawn card is queen (queen is common in both)
P(A ∩ B) = 4/52 = 1/ 13
Now, P(A) × P(B) = 2/13 × 2/13 = 4/169
We can see that the above expression is not equal to P(A ∩ B).
So, A and B are not independent events.
Question 3(ii). A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards so that each card is equally likely to be selected. State whether events A and B are independent if,
A = The card drawn is black.
B = The card drawn is a king.
Solution:
According to question:
A card is drawn form 52 cards. We know that there are 26 black cards
in which 2 kings are black.
Now, A = The card drawn is black.
So, P(A) = 26/52 = 1/2
B = The card drawn is a king.
So, P(B) = 4/52 = 1/13
Now, A ∩ B = The drawn card is a black king
P(A ∩ B) = 2/52 = 1/ 26
Now, P(A) × P(B) = 1/2 × 1/13 = 1/26
P(A) × P(B) = P(A ∩ B)
So, A and B are independent events.
Question 3(iii). A card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards so that each card is equally likely to be selected. State whether events A and B are independent if,
A = The card is drawn is a spade.
B = The card drawn is an ace.
Solution:
According to question:
A card is drawn form 52 cards. We know that there are 13 spades and
4 Ace in which 1 card is ace of spade.
Now, A = The card drawn is a spade.
So, P(A) = 13/52 = 1/4
B = The card drawn is an ace.
So, P(B) = 4/52 = 1/13
Now, A ∩ B = The drawn card is an ace of spade.
P(A ∩ B) = 1/52 = 1/ 52
Now, P(A) × P(B) = 1/4 × 1/13 = 1/52
P(A) × P(B) = P(A ∩ B)
So, A and B are independent events.
Question 4: A coin is tossed three times. Let the events A, B, and C be defined as follows:
A = first toss is head, B = second toss is head, C = exactly two heads are tossed in a row.
Check the independence of (i) A and B (ii) B and C (iii) C and A
Solution:
According to question:
A coin is tossed thrice
So, Sample Space = {HTT, HHT, HTH, HHH, THT, THH, TTH, TTT}
A = first toss is head
A = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT}
So, P(A) = 4/8 = 1/2
B = second toss is head
B = {HHH, HHT, THH,THT}
So, P(B) = 4/8 = 1/2
C = exactly two head in a row, i.e., P(C) = {THH, HHT}
So, P(C) = 2/8 = 1/4
Now, A ∩ B = {HHH, HHT}, i.e., P(A ∩ B) = 2/8 = 1/4
Now, B ∩ C = {HHT, THH}, i.e., P(B ∩ C) = 2/8 = 1/4
And, A ∩ C = {HHT}, i.e., P(A ∩ C) = 1/8
(i) P(A) × P(B) = 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4
So, P(A) × P(B) = P(A ∩ B)
Hence, A and B are independent events.
(ii) P(B) × P(C) = 1/2 × 1/4 = 1/8
So, P(B)×P(C) ≠ P(B ∩ C)
Hence, B and C are not independent events.
(iii) P(A) × P(C) = 1/2 × 1/4 = 1/8
So, P(A) × P(C) = P(A ∩ C)
Hence, A and C are independent events.
Question 5. If A and B be two events such that P(A) = 1/4, P(B) = 1/3, and P(A ∪ B) = 1/2, Show that A and B are independent events.
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that
P(A) = 1/4, P(B) = 1/3 and P(A ∪ B) = 1/2
As we know that,
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∪ B)
= 1/4 + 1/3 – 1/2
= 1/12
Now, P(A) × P(B) = 1/4 × 1/3 = 1/12
So, P(A) × P(B) = P(A ∩ B)
Hence, A and B are independent events.
Question 6. Given two independent events A and B such that P(A) = 0.3 and P(B) = 0.6, Find
(i) P(A ∩ B) (ii) P(A ∩ B’) (iii) P(A’ ∩ B)
(iv) P(A’ ∩ B’) (v) P(A ∪ B)
(vi) P(A ⁄ B) (vii) P(B ⁄ A)
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that A and B are independent events and P(A) = 0.3, P(B) = 0.6
(i) Since, A and B are independents events so,
P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
= 0.3 × 0.6 = 0.18
(ii) P(A ∩ B‘)= P(A) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.3 – 0.18 = 0.12
(iii) P(A‘ ∩ B)= P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.6 – 0.18 = 0.42
(iv) P(A‘ ∩ B‘) = P(A‘) × P(B‘)
= [1 – P(A)] × [1 – P(B)]
= [1 – 0.3] × [1- 0.6]
= 0.7 × 0.4 = 0.28
(v) P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
= 0.3 + 0.6 – 0.18 = 0.72
(vi) P(A ⁄ B) = P(A ∩ B) / P(B)
= 0.18/ 0.6 = 0.3
(vii) P(B ⁄ A) = P(A ∩ B) / P(A)
= 0.18/ 0.3 = 0.6
Question 7: If P(not B) = 0.65, P(A ∪ B) = 0.85, and A and B are independent events, then find P(A).
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that P(not B) = 0.65, P(A ∪ B) = 0.85
We know that, P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
Since, A and B are independent
So, P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
Also, P(not B) = 0.65,
So, P(B) = 0.35 -(Since P(not B) = 1 – P(B))
Hence, We have
⇒ 0.85 = P(A) + 0.35 – P(A) × (0.35)
⇒ 0.5 = P(A)[1-0.35]
⇒ 0.5/ 0.65 = P(A)
So, P(A) = 0.77
Question 8. If A and B are two independent events such that P(A’ ∩ B) = 2/15 and P(A ∩ B’) = 1/6, then finds P(B).
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that P(A‘ ∩ B) = 2/15 and P(A ∩ B‘) = 1/6
Since, A and B are independent,
So, P(A‘) × P(B) = 2/15 ⇒ [1 – P(A)] P(B) = 2/15 -(1)
and P(A) × P(B‘) = 1/6 ⇒ P(A) [1 – P(B)] = 1/6 -(2)
From eq(1), We get
P(B) = 2/15 × 1/(1 – P(A))
On substituting the above value of eq(1) in the eq(2) we get,
P(A)[1 – 2/(15(1-P(A)))] = 1/6
⇒ P(A)[15(1 – P(A)) – 2] / [15(1 – P(A))] = 1/6
⇒ 6P(A)(13 – 15P(A)) = 15(1 – P(A))
⇒ 2P(A)(13 – 15P(A)) = 5 – 5P(A)
⇒ 26P(A) – 30 [P(A)]2 + 5P(A) – 5 = 0
⇒ -30 [P(A)]2 + 31 P(A) – 5 = 0 -(3)
This is the form of quadratic equation replace P(A) by x in eq(3)
-30x2 + 31x – 5 = 0
30x2 – 31x + 5 = 0
So, x = -b ± √b2 – 4ac / 2a
Where, a = 30, b= -31 and c = 5
⇒ x = 31 ± √(-31)2 – 4(30)(5) / 60
= 31 ± √961 – 960 / 60
= 30 ± 19 / 60
= 50/60, 12/60 = 5/6, 1/5
So, P(A) = 5/6 or 1/5
Now, P(A) [1-P(B)] = 1/6
On putting, P(A) = 5/6, we get
5/6[1 – P(B)] = 1/6
⇒ 1 – P(B) = 1/5
⇒ P(B) = 1 – 1/5 = 4/5
Now, putting, P(A) = 1/5, we get
1/5[1 – P(B)] = 1/6
⇒ 1 – P(B) = 5/6
⇒ P(B) = 1 – 5/6 = 1/6
Hence, P(B) = 4/5 or 1/6
Question 9. A and B are two independent events. The probability that A and B occur is 1/6 and the probability that neither of them occurs is 1/3. Find the probability of occurrence of two events.
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that P(A ∩ B) = 1/6, P(A‘ ∩ B‘) = 1/ 3
We know that
P(A‘ ∩ B‘) = P(A‘) × P(B‘)
1/3 = (1 – P(A))(1 – P(B))
1/3 = 1 – P(B) – P(A) + P(A) P(B)
1/3 = 1 – P(B) – P(A) + P(A ∩ B)
1/3 = 1 – P(B) – P(A) + 1/6
Now, P(A) + P(B) = 1+ 1/6 – 1/3 = 5/6
So, P(A) = 5/6 – P(B) -(1)
Now, Given that, P(A ∩ B) = 1/6
⇒ P(A) P(B) = 1/6
⇒ [5/6 – P(B)]P(B) = 1/6 -(From eq(1))
⇒ 5/6 P(B) – {P(B)}2 = 1/6
⇒ {P(B)}2 – 5/6 P(B) + 1/6 = 0
⇒ 6 {P(B)}2 – 5 P(B) + 1 = 0
After solving this quadratic equation, we get,
⇒ [2P(B) – 1][3P(B) – 1] = 0
⇒ 2 P(B) -1 = 0 or 3P(B) -1 = 0
⇒ P(B) = 1/2 or P(B) = 1/3
Now,
Using eq(1),
Putting P(B) = 1/2, ⇒ P(A) = 5/6 – 1/2 = 1/3
Putting P(B) = 1/3, ⇒ P(A) = 5/6 – 1/3 = 1/2
Hence, P(A) = 1/3, P(B) = 1/2 or P(A) = 1/2, P(B) = 1/3.
Question 10. If A and B are two independent events such that P(A ∪ B) = 0.60 and P(A) = 0.2, Find P(B).
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that, A and B are independent events and P(A ∪ B) = 0.60, P(A) = 0.2,
where A and B are independent events.
So, P(A ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B)
Now, we know that, P(A∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) -P(A∩B)
⇒ 0.6 = 0.2 + P(B) – P(A) × P(B)
⇒ 0.6 – 0.2 = P(B) – 0.2×P(B) -(Since, P(A) = 0.2)
⇒ 0.4 = 0.8 P(B)
⇒ P(B) = 0.4/0.8 = 0.5
Question 11. A die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting a number greater than 3 on each toss.
Solution:
According to question
A dice is tossed twice
Let us consider the events:
A = Getting a number greater than 3 on first toss
B = Getting a number greater than 3 on second toss
Since, number greater than3 on die are 4, 5, 6
Now, P(A) = 3/6 = 1/2
And, P(B) = 3/6 = 1/2
Now, P(Getting a number greater than 3 on each toss)
= P(A ∩ B)
= P(A) P(B)
= 1/2 × 1/2 = 1/4
Hence, the required probability = 1/4
Question 12. Given the probability that A can solve a problem is 2/3 and the probability that B can solve the same problem is 3/5. Find the probability that none of the two will be able to solve the problem.
Solution:
According to question,
It is given that, Probability that A can solve a problem = 2/3
⇒ P(A) = 2/3
⇒ P(A‘) = 1 – 2/3 = 1/3
Now, Probability that B can solve the same problem = 3/5
⇒ P(B) = 3/5
⇒ P(B‘) = 1 – 3/5 = 2/5
Now we have the find the probability that none of them solve the problem
Now, P(None of them solve the problem)
= P(A‘ ∩ B‘) = P(A‘) × P(B‘)
⇒ 1/3 × 2/5 = 2/15
Hence, The required probability = 2/15
Question 13. An unbiased die is tossed twice. Find the probability of getting 4, 5, or 6 on the first toss and 1, 2, 3, or 4 on the second toss.
Solution:
According to question:
Given an unbiased die is tossed twice.
Let us consider the events,
A = Getting 4, 5 or 6 on the first toss
B = 1, 2, 3 or 4 on the second toss
⇒ P(A) = 3 / 6 = 1/2
And, P(B) = 4/6 = 2/3
Now, we have to find that
P(Getting 4, 5 or 6 on the first toss and 1, 2, 3 or 4 on the second toss)
= P(A ∩ B) = P(A) P(B)
= 1/2 × 2/3 = 2/6 = 1/3
Hence, The required probability = 1/3
Question 14. A bag contains 3 red and 2 black balls. One ball is drawn from it at random. Its color is noted and then it is put back in the bag. A second draw is made and the same procedure is repeated. Find the probability of drawing (i) two red balls
(ii) two black balls, (iii) first red and second black ball.
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that,
A bag contain 3 red and 2 black balls.
Let us consider the following events,
A = Getting on red ball.
B = Getting one black ball.
Now, P(A) = 3/5 and, P(B) = 2/5
Now, We have to find that,
(i) P(Getting two red balls)
= P(A) P(A)
= 3/5 × 3/5 = 9/ 25
So, P(Getting two red balls) = 9/25
(ii) P(Getting two black balls)
= P(B) P(B)
= 2/5 × 2/5 = 4/ 25
So, P(Getting two black balls) = 4/25
(iii) P(Getting first red ball and second black ball)
= P(A) P(B)
= 3/5 × 2/5 = 6/ 25
So, P(Getting first red ball and second black ball) = 6/25
Question 15. Three cards are drawn with replacement from a well-shuffled pack of cards. Find the probability that the cards are drawn are king, queen, and jack.
Solution:
According to question:
Three cards are drawn with replacement. We know that there
are 52 cards in which 4 kings, 4 queens and 4 jacks.
Let us consider the following events
A = Drawing a king
B = Drawing a queen
C = Drawing a jack
Now, P(A) = 4/ 52 = 1/13
⇒ P(B) = 4/52 = 1/13
⇒ P(C) = 4/52 = 1/13
Now we have to find that,
P(Cards drawn are king, queen and jack)
Since drawing order are different,
= P(A ∩ B ∩ C) + P(A ∩ C ∩ B) + P(B ∩ A ∩ C) +
P(B ∩ C ∩ A) + P(C ∩ A ∩ B) + P(C ∩ B ∩ A)
= P(A) P(B) P(C) + P(A) P(C) P(B) + P(B) P(A) P(C) +
P(B) P(C) P(A) + P(C) P(A) P(B) +P(C) P(B) P(A)
Now, putting the values of P(A), P(B) and P(C) in the above expression, then we get
= 1/13 × 1/13 × 1/13 + 1/13 × 1/13 × 1/13 + 1/13 × 1/13 × 1/13 +
1/13 × 1/13 × 1/13 + 1/13 × 1/13 × 1/13 + 1/13 × 1/13 × 1/13
= (1/13 × 1/13 × 1/13) × 6
= 6/2197
Hence, The required probability = 6/2197
Question 16: An artide manufactured by a company consists of two parts X and Y. In the process of manufacture of part X, 9 out of 100 parts may be defective. Similarly, 5 out of 100 are likely to be defective in the manufacture of part Y. Calculate the probability that the assembled product will not be defective.
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that,
Part X has 9 out of 100 defective
So, it is clear that Part X has 91 out of 100 non-defective
Now, Part Y has 5 out of 100 defective
Here, Part Y has 95 out of 100 non-defective
Now let us consider the events,
X = A non-defective part X
Y = A non-defective part Y
So, P(X) = 91/100 and P(Y) = 95/100
We have to find the probability of assembled product will not be defective.
Now, P(Assembled product will not be defective)
= P(Neither X defective nor Y defective)
= P(X ∩ Y) = P(X) P(Y)
= 91/100 × 95/100
= 0.8645
Hence, The required probability = 0.8645
Question 17. The probability that A hits a target is 1/3 and the probability that B hits it, is 2/5. What is the probability that the target will be hit if each one of A and B shoots at the target?
Solution:
According to question,
Given that,
Probability that A hits a target = 1/3
P(A) = 1/3
And, Probability that B hits a target = 2/5
P(B) = 2/5
We have to find that,
P(Target will be hit)
= 1 – P(target will not be hit)
= 1 – P(Neither A nor B hits the target)
= 1 – P(A‘ ∩ B‘)
= 1 – P(A‘) P(B‘) = 1 – [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)]
= 1 – [1 – 1/3 ] [1 – 2/5]
= 1 – 2/3 × 3/5 = 1 – 2/5
= 3/5
Hence, The required probability = 3/5
Question 18. An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum of 4 shots at an enemy plane moving away from it. The probabilities of hitting the plane at the first, second, third, and fourth shot are 0.4, 0.3, 0.2, and 0.1 respectively. What is the probability that the gun hits the plane?
Solution:
According to question:
Given that,
An anti-aircraft gun can take a maximum 4 shots at an enemy plane.
Let us consider the following events,
A = Hitting the plane at first shot
B = Hitting the plane at second shot
C = Hitting the plane at third shot
D = Hitting the plane at fourth shot
⇒ P(A) = 0.4, P(B) = 0.3, P(C) = 0.2, P(D) = 0.1
We have to find that
P (Gun hits the plane)
= 1 – P(None of four shots hit the plane)
= 1 – P(A‘ ∩ B‘ ∩ C‘ ∩ D‘)
= 1 – P(A‘) P(B‘) P(C‘) P(D‘)
= 1 – [1 – P(A)] [1 – P(B)] [1 – P(C)] [1 – P(D)]
Now, putting the value of P(A), P(B), P(C) And P(D) in the above expression,
= 1 – (0.6) (0.7) (0.8) (0.9)
= 1 – 0.3024
= 0.6976
Hence, The required probability = 0.6976
Question 19. The odds against a certain event are 5 to 2 and the odds in favor of another event, independent to the former are 6 to 5. Find the probability that (a) at least one of the events will occur, and (b) none of the events will occur.
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that,
Let us consider the following events, A and B
The odd against a certain event (Say A) are 5 to 2
⇒ P(A‘) = 5/(5 + 2) = 5/7
And, The odd in favor of another event (Say B) are 6 to5
⇒ P(B) = 6/(5 + 6) = 6/11
⇒ P(B‘) =1 – 6/11 = 5/11
Now,
(a) P(At least one of the events will occur)
= 1 – P(None of the events occur)
= 1 – P(A‘∩B‘) = 1 – P(A‘) P(B‘)
= 1 – 5/7 × 5/11 = 1 – 25/77
= 52/77
Hence, the required probability = 52/77
(b) P(None of the events will occur)
= P(A‘ ∩ B‘) = P(A‘) P(B‘)
= 5/7 × 5/11 = 25/77
Hence, the required probability = 25/77
Question 20. A die is thrown thrice. Find the probability of getting an odd number at least once.
Solution:
According to question:
Given that, A die is thrown thrice
Let us consider the following events,
A = Getting an odd number in a throw of die
Since, 1, 3, 5 are odd numbers on die So,
P(A) = 3/6 = 1/2
P(A‘) = 1/2
We have to find that,
P(Getting an odd number at least once)
= 1 – P(Getting no odd number)
= 1 – P(A‘) P(A‘) P(A‘)
= 1 – 1/2×1/2×1/2 = 1 – 1/8
= 7/8
Hence, the required probability = 7/8
Question 21. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement from a box containing 10 black and 8 red balls. Find the probability that
(i) Both balls are red
(ii) First ball is black and second is red.
(iii) One of them is black and other is red
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that,
The box contains 10 black balls and 8 red balls.
Then, P(black ball) = 10/18
P(red ball) = 8/18
(i) P(Both balls are red) = 8/18 × 8/18
= 4/9 × 4/9 = 16/81
(ii) P(First ball is black and second is red.)
= 10/18 × 8/18 = 20/81
(iii) P(One of them is black and other is red)
= 10/18 × 8/18 + 8/18 × 10/18
= 2 ×(20/81) = 40/81
Question 22. An urn contains 4 red and 7 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement. Find the probability of getting (i) 2 red balls (ii) 2 blue balls (iii) one red and one blue ball.
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that,
Urn contains 4 red and 7 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at random with replacement.
Let us consider the events,
A = Getting one red ball from the urn.
P(A) = 4/11
B = Getting one blue ball from urn.
P(B) = 7/11
Now, we have to find that,
(i) P(Getting 2 red balls)
= P(A).P(A)
= 4/11×4/11 = 16/121
Hence, the required probability = 16/121
(ii) P(Getting 2 blue balls)
= P(B).P(B)
= 7/11 × 7/11 = 49/121
Hence, the required probability = 49/121
(iii) P(Getting one red and one blue ball)
= P(A).P(B) + P(B).P(A)
= 4/11×7/11 + 7/11× 4/11
= 28/121 + 28/121 = 56/121
Hence, the required probability = 56/121
Question 23. The probabilities of two students A and B coming to the school in time are 3/7 and 5/7 respectively. Assuming that the events, ” A coming in time” and ” B coming in time” are independent, find the probability of only one of them coming to the school on time. Write at least one advantage of coming to school in time.
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that,
The events, ” A coming in time” and ” B coming in time” are independent.
Let us consider the events,
A = A coming in time
B = B coming in time
Now, P(A) = 3/7, and P(A‘) = 1- 3/7 = 4/7
P(B) = 5/7, and P(B‘) = 1- 5/7 = 2/7
Now, we have to find that,
P(Only one coming in time)
⇒ P(A ∩ B‘) + P(A‘ ∩ B) = P(A) × P(B‘) + P(A‘) × P(B) -(Since, A and B are independent events)
⇒ 3/7 × 2/7 + 4/7 × 5/7 = 6/49 + 20/49 = 26/49
Hence, The required probability = 26/49
The advantages of coming school in time is that you have not to
give the late fine, you will not miss any part of the lecture and many more.
Question 24: Two dice are thrown together and the total score is noted. The events E, F, and G are ” a total 4″, ” a total of 9 or more”, and ” a total divisible by 5″, respectively. Calculate P(E), P(F), and P(G) and decide which pairs of events, if any, are independent.
Solution:
According to question:
It is given that,
Two dice are thrown together hence, the total sample space will be 36.
S = {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5), (1, 6),
(2, 1), (2, 2), (2, 3), (2, 4), (2, 5), (2, 6),
(3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 2), (4, 3), (4, 4), (4, 5), (4, 6),
(5, 1), (5, 2), (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6),
(6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
So, n(S) = 36
Now, let us consider the events,
E be the event of getting a total of 4
E = {(1, 3), (3, 1), (2, 2)}
n(E) = 3
Now, P(E) = n(E)/n(S) = 3/36 = 1/12
Now, F be the event of getting a total 9 or more.
F = {(3, 6), (6, 3), (4, 5), (5, 4), (4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6, 6)}
n(F) = 10
P(F) = n(F)/n(S) = 10/36 = 5/18
Now, G be the event of getting a total divisible by 5.
G = {(1, 4), (4, 1), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 6), (6, 4), (5, 5)}
n(G) = 7
P(G) = n(G) / n(S) = 7/36
Hence, we can see that no pair is independent.
Question 25. Let A and B be two independent events such that P(A) = p1 and P(B) = p2. Describe in words the events whose probabilities are:
(i) p1p2 (ii) (1 – p1)p2 (iii) 1 – (1 – p1)(1 – p2) (iv) p1 + p2 = 2p1p2
Solution:
According to question:
The events are said to be independent, if occurrence or non-occurrence of one
doesn’t affect the probability of the occurrence or non-occurrence of the other.
Now,
(i) p1p2 = P(A).P(B)
⇒ Both A and B occur.
(ii) (1 – p1)p2 = (1 – P(A)) P(B) = P(A‘) P(B)
⇒ Event A doesn’t occur but B occurs.
(iii) 1 – (1 – p1)(1 – p2) = [1 – (1 – P(A))(1 – P(B))] = (1 – P(A‘) P(B‘))
⇒ At least one of the events A or B occurs.
(iv) p1 + p2 = 2p1p2
⇒ P(A) + P(B) = 2 P(A) P(B)
⇒ P(A) + P(B) – 2 P(A) P(B) = 0
⇒ P(A) – P(A) P(B) + P(B) – P(A) P(B) = 0
⇒ P(A) – P(A) P(B) + P(B) – P(A) P(B) = 0
⇒ P(A) – P(A) P(B) + P(B) – P(A) P(B) = 0
⇒ P(A) (1- P(B)) + P(B) (1 – P(A)) = 0
⇒ P(A) P(B‘) + P(B) P(A‘) = 0
⇒ P(A) P(B‘) + P(B) P(A‘) = 0,
⇒ P(A) P(B‘) = – P(B) P(A‘)
⇒ Exactly one of A and B occurs.
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